The world's oldest elephant tracks have now been revealed, 7 million-year-old footprints in the Arabian Desert, researchers say.
These prehistoric footsteps, likely the work of about 13 four-tusked elephant ancestors, are the earliest direct evidence of how the ancestors of modern elephants interacted socially, and the oldest evidence of an elephant herd.
"Basically, this is fossilized behavior," said researcher Faysal Bibi, a vertebrate paleontologist at the Museum for Natural History in Berlin. "This is an absolutely unique site, a really rare opportunity in the fossil record that lets you see animal behavior in a way you couldn't otherwise do with bones or teeth."
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Fossil footprints reveal oldest elephant herd
The site, known as Mleisa 1, is in the United Arab Emirates. The region then was home to a great diversity of animals, including elephants, hippopotamuses, antelopes, giraffes, pigs, monkeys, rodents, small and large carnivores, ostriches, turtles, crocodiles and fish. These were sustained by a very large river flowing slowly through the area, along which flourished vegetation, including large trees. The animals resembled those from Africa during the same time, though there are also similarities with Asian and European species of that period.?
Fossil trackways in the region have been long known to locals, and were taken to be the prints of dinosaurs or giants of ancient myth. It was not until January 2011, when researchers mapped the area from the air for the first time, "that we realized what we had and how we could go about studying it," Bibi said. [The Creatures of Cryptozoology]
"Once we saw it aerially, it became a much different and clearer story," said researcher Brian Kraatz at Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona, Calif. "Seeing the whole site in one shot meant we could finally understand what was happening."
The footprints cover an area of 12.3 acres (5 hectares). This is about equal to nine U.S. football fields, seven soccer fields, or the base of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
"The trackways are visually stunning," said researcher Andrew Hill at the University of Poitiers in France. "It is quite obvious to anyone, without any technical knowledge, that these are the footprints of very large animals, and to learn that they are over 6 million years old presents a visitor with the sensation of walking back in time."
The researchers noted that while these prehistoric titans were proboscideans like modern elephants, they likely looked quite different. Of the three kinds of fossil proboscidean species in the area at that time, the one that most likely made the trackways was Stegotetrabelodon syrticus, the earliest known member of the elephant family, "which carried tusks in both its upper and lower jaws," Bibi told LiveScience.
The trackways stretch up to about 850 feet (260 meters) long, making them "the most extensive ever recorded for mammals, and to view them is to be transported 7 million years back in time when herds of four-tusked primitive elephants and other related behemoths roamed a wetter and more vegetated Arabian Peninsula," said paleontologist William Sanders at the University of Michigan, who did not take part in the study. [Photos of Elephant Trackways]
Actually mapping these footsteps proved challenging, since the individual tracks are each only about 15 inches (40 centimeters) wide, too small to show up in satellite imagery. To do so, researchers mounted a pocket digital camera onto a kite, stitching the hundreds of pictures it took into a single large mosaic image that gave a broad overview of the site.
Analysis of the footsteps suggests they belonged to a herd of at least 13 elephants of different sizes and ages that walked through mud, leaving behind tracks that hardened, were buried, and then re-exposed by erosion.
The researchers also discovered tracks from a solitary male traveling in a different direction from the herd. These suggest the extinct giants divided into solitary and social groups, just as elephants do today. Also, these ancient pachyderms might have structured themselves along lines of sex just as their modern relatives do, with the males leaving the herd to live alone.
"Like the human handprints in Paleolithic caves, animal trackways crystallize in time [the] identity and behavior of the organisms that made them, and yield rare insights about these organisms, which fossil bones alone cannot provide," Sanders said.
The scientists detailed their findings online in the journal Biology Letters.
Follow LiveScience for the latest in science news and discoveries on Twitter @livescience? and on Facebook.
A handful of nice eastern oregon realty photos I identified:
The presentation was sent on April 15, 2010 as part of the Build Green Central Eastern Europe convention (www.BuildGreenCEE.org) arranged by the Romania, Polish, and Hungary Green Developing Councils and supported by the Entire world Green Developing Council. The function brought jointly 14 country wide Green Constructing Councils to discuss their understanding of their local markets and discuss regional and worldwide coverage and developments. Jerry Yudelson is widely regarded as one particular of the major green constructing specialists in the entire world. He was chairperson on the USGBC?s ?Greenbuild? conference, and is a printed author of numerous textbooks on the subject matter. A skilled engineer, Jerry has authored eleven publications with matters including green building and development, European tendencies, sustainable retail development, green properties, the green building revolution, and the enterprise case for green structures. He has, since 2004 chaired the US Green Creating Council?s ?Greenbuild? convention the world?s biggest. In 2006, Jerry was called a Countrywide Peer Professional by the US General Services Administration. From 2007 to 2009, he was the nonresident Analysis Scholar for Retail Genuine Estate for the 70000-member Intercontinental Council of Shopping Centers. He was called Green Creating Advocate of the yr in 2004 by the Northwest Energy Performance Alliance. He holds an MBA with highest honors from the College of Oregon. As principal of Yudelson & Associates, he provides major-edge consulting services, personalized ? Video Rating: 5 / five
The ASU Financial Management Association provides students with the opportunity to interact with professionals in the finance world. (From left starting from bottom row) Andrew Loo, Vikas Bhagavatula, Sara Karamani, Justin Rodriguez, Rob Palke, Daniel Zinkan. (Photo courtesy of the ASU Financial Management Association)
Members of a campus club for finance majors recognize that networking is essential for careers in business.
The Financial Management Association brings speakers from prominent financial institutions to its weekly meetings and provides opportunities for community service.
Finance and accounting sophomore Justin Rodriguez said making connections was emphasized when he began attending the W.P. Carey School of Business last year.
?As a freshman, you?re just bombarded with people telling you to meet people, meet other students, meet professionals,? he said.
Rodriguez, who is now the director of recruitment for FMA, joined the ASU chapter of the club in an effort to begin networking.
Speakers have been from different areas of finance, including investment banking, corporate finance and financial services.
This year?s speakers have included the executive director of J.P. Morgan Private Banking, the former CEO of Pepsi and the vice president at the San Francisco department of Goldman Sachs.
Different speakers have drawn different members to the club.
Finance and computer information systems sophomore Andrew Loo, the club?s director of public relations, said speakers from Intel made him decide to join.
?I?m a tech geek, so Intel coming really attracted me,? he said.
After listening to a representative from Intel at a club meeting, Loo was able to tour Intel?s Ocotillo Campus in Chandler, the future site of semiconductor plant Fab 42, in what he described as a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.
He said other members have been given similar opportunities. While some speakers leave shortly after giving their talks, many stay to talk to club members and occasionally come along to their post-speech socials.
Club president Sara Karamani, a finance and business sustainability senior, said the club?s 134 members build relationships with both the speakers and other members during these socials, which typically take place at nearby restaurants.
?We offer something you won?t get in a normal classroom,? she said. ?You get to learn, socialize and meet new people.?
The ASU chapter of FMA will travel to the national organization?s Finance Leaders? Conference in Chicago March 15 and 16, giving members an opportunity to interact with business professionals and other FMA student members from around the country.
Conference attendees will be given an opportunity to tour the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange group.
ASU?s chapter also provides its members with community service opportunities.
?I think it?s important to give back,? Karamani said.
Members have helped with several charity races including the upcoming Run for Ryan House, an institution that provides care to children with painful diseases. The club has helped decorate the city of Tempe for Halloween.
The club also holds semester-long investment competitions, at the chapter and national levels, which members can choose to participate in. They?re given $100,000 in virtual money to ?invest? in various stocks.
Those who choose the most successful virtual investments can win prizes.
The club strives to bring the feel of the professional world to its members, said treasurer Jessica Kim, a marketing and management junior who began attending FMA meetings her freshman year.
?After coming right out of high school, the level of professionalism here has been amazing,? she said.
?
Reach the reporter at julia.shumway@asu.edu
?
Click here to subscribe to the daily State Press newsletter.
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Archive of failed joint replacements provides tips to building a better hip replacementPublic release date: 8-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Phyllis Fisher phyllis.fisher@gmail.com 212-606-1724 Hospital for Special Surgery
A study by Hospital for Special Surgery researchers has provided the first comprehensive look at just how metal-on-metal total hip replacements are failing in patients around the country. Made possible by what is thought to be the largest archive of failed joint replacements, the research should help doctors develop a better hip replacement for future patients. The study will be reported at the upcoming annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Feb. 7-11.
"This paper is the first step in what is a path to try to understand what the problems are with metal-on-metal joints," said Timothy Wright, Ph.D., Kirby Chair of Orthopedic Biomechanics at Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS). He said that information gleaned from the study should be useful in improving metal-polyethylene implants, the most common hip implant put in patients today.
"We still use metal implants. We may rub them against polyethylene instead of against another metal, but anything we can learn about these mechanisms of damage could be important," he said. He also pointed out that evidence suggests that the physical structure of the implant might play a role in the failed metal-on-metal implants and not the metal itself. In recent years, advances in the materials have allowed implants with bigger heads to be used, which increases stability, but now evidence suggests this may cause other problems.
"What we learn about the effect of head size and learn about the effect of positioning these components, and certainly what we learn about the biologic reaction to metallic debris is going to help us understand problems in general with total joint replacements," said Dr. Wright. "It's not enough to say, because some metal-on-metal implants have adverse reactions, it has got to be all about the metal and let's just condemn an entire technology. We need to understand, in a systematic way, what is going on."
Since 1977, whenever a patient has undergone a joint revision surgery at Hospital for Special Surgery, doctors have collected and saved the failed implants for research. At the same time, they have created a web-based system to file information on the implant, such as the manufacturer, and on the patient, such as age, weight and activity level. Doctors at HSS perform roughly 8,000 joint replacement surgeries per year and roughly 10% are revision surgeries, so this database is growing by about 800 specimens per year. Many patients who have had their joint replacement surgeries elsewhere come to Special Surgery to have revision surgery.
In the current study, HSS researchers, who did not have any ties to hip implant manufacturers, examined 46 retrieved metal-on-metal total hip replacements from 44 patients. The most common revision diagnoses were wear-related clinical concerns including osteolysis and adverse soft tissue reactions (16), loosening (11), instability (8) and infection (5). The researchers used scanning electron microscopy to determine the ways the hips were damaged, called damage modes. They found that 98 percent of the cups of the implant and 93 percent of the heads showed moderate to severe scratching. Moderate to severe pitting was found in 43 percent of the cups and 67 percent of the heads. They identified areas near the cups and heads that had completely lost their sheen.
"This study represents one of the largest collections of retrieved metal-on-metal implants," said Douglas Padgett, M.D., chief of the Adult Reconstruction and Joint Replacement Division and chief of the Hip Service at Hospital for Special Surgery. "There appears to be unique damage patterns which to date have not been identified. A follow-on analysis using high resolution laser profiling to quantify damage is in process which may yield further clues."
The patterns and similarities of the damage modes will shed light on the mechanisms behind the damage. "The goal with these hard metal-on-metal bearings is to drag a fluid film in between the two metal surfaces so that they never touch, so the wear is theoretically zero," explained Dr. Wright. "The fact that we look at these surfaces and see scratches and wear patches means that these surfaces are touching one another. That is problematic because if you had the clearances just right, they might never touch, just like the cylinder in an engine block."
He pointed out that the study could only be done at a hospital with a large number of archived hips. Spotting patterns and variations is easier if you look across a large patient population.
Researchers will next focus on what is causing the damage patterns. If it is a corrosive problem, is the solution to change the metallurgy? If the location is always the same and the damage is always near the edge of the implant, is that because they are being installed incorrectly? Is there a way to change the design? "What we see in the retrieved implants will begin to give us a picture of what is causing this problem," Dr. Wright said.
The multidisciplinary team of HSS clinicians, biologists, engineers and imaging researchers has further studies planned to understand the problem more fully. The retrieval archive and database will allow researchers to continue to look for correlations between implants that fail and factors such as patient characteristics, the physical shape and quality of the hip replacement, surgical factors, and the biological response from a body that has an implant.
The work for this study was conducted in the recently established Mary and Fred Trump Institute for Implant Analysis.
###
Other investigators involved in the study include Kirsten Stoner, M.S. from HSS; Samantha Lee, B.S., from Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Stefan Kinkel, M.D., from Orthopaedic University Clinic Heidelberg, Germany.
Retrieval Analysis Reveals Damage Modes for Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Replacements (Paper 301)
Wednesday, Feb. 8, 4:00 p.m.4:06 p.m. Moscone West, 2014
About Hospital for Special Surgery
Founded in 1863, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) is a world leader in orthopedics, rheumatology and rehabilitation. HSS is nationally ranked No. 1 in orthopedics, No. 2 in rheumatology, No. 19 in neurology, and No. 16 in geriatrics by U.S.News & World Report (2011-12), and is the first hospital in New York State to receive Magnet Recognition for Excellence in Nursing Service from the American Nurses Credentialing Center three consecutive times. HSS has one of the lowest infection rates in the country. From 2007 to 2011, HSS has been a recipient of the HealthGrades Joint Replacement Excellence Award. HSS is a member of the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System and an affiliate of Weill Cornell Medical College and as such all Hospital for Special Surgery medical staff are faculty of Weill Cornell. The hospital's research division is internationally recognized as a leader in the investigation of musculoskeletal and autoimmune diseases. Hospital for Special Surgery is located in New York City and online at www.hss.edu.
For more information contact:
Phyllis Fisher
212-606-1197
FisherP@hss.edu
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Archive of failed joint replacements provides tips to building a better hip replacementPublic release date: 8-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Phyllis Fisher phyllis.fisher@gmail.com 212-606-1724 Hospital for Special Surgery
A study by Hospital for Special Surgery researchers has provided the first comprehensive look at just how metal-on-metal total hip replacements are failing in patients around the country. Made possible by what is thought to be the largest archive of failed joint replacements, the research should help doctors develop a better hip replacement for future patients. The study will be reported at the upcoming annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Feb. 7-11.
"This paper is the first step in what is a path to try to understand what the problems are with metal-on-metal joints," said Timothy Wright, Ph.D., Kirby Chair of Orthopedic Biomechanics at Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS). He said that information gleaned from the study should be useful in improving metal-polyethylene implants, the most common hip implant put in patients today.
"We still use metal implants. We may rub them against polyethylene instead of against another metal, but anything we can learn about these mechanisms of damage could be important," he said. He also pointed out that evidence suggests that the physical structure of the implant might play a role in the failed metal-on-metal implants and not the metal itself. In recent years, advances in the materials have allowed implants with bigger heads to be used, which increases stability, but now evidence suggests this may cause other problems.
"What we learn about the effect of head size and learn about the effect of positioning these components, and certainly what we learn about the biologic reaction to metallic debris is going to help us understand problems in general with total joint replacements," said Dr. Wright. "It's not enough to say, because some metal-on-metal implants have adverse reactions, it has got to be all about the metal and let's just condemn an entire technology. We need to understand, in a systematic way, what is going on."
Since 1977, whenever a patient has undergone a joint revision surgery at Hospital for Special Surgery, doctors have collected and saved the failed implants for research. At the same time, they have created a web-based system to file information on the implant, such as the manufacturer, and on the patient, such as age, weight and activity level. Doctors at HSS perform roughly 8,000 joint replacement surgeries per year and roughly 10% are revision surgeries, so this database is growing by about 800 specimens per year. Many patients who have had their joint replacement surgeries elsewhere come to Special Surgery to have revision surgery.
In the current study, HSS researchers, who did not have any ties to hip implant manufacturers, examined 46 retrieved metal-on-metal total hip replacements from 44 patients. The most common revision diagnoses were wear-related clinical concerns including osteolysis and adverse soft tissue reactions (16), loosening (11), instability (8) and infection (5). The researchers used scanning electron microscopy to determine the ways the hips were damaged, called damage modes. They found that 98 percent of the cups of the implant and 93 percent of the heads showed moderate to severe scratching. Moderate to severe pitting was found in 43 percent of the cups and 67 percent of the heads. They identified areas near the cups and heads that had completely lost their sheen.
"This study represents one of the largest collections of retrieved metal-on-metal implants," said Douglas Padgett, M.D., chief of the Adult Reconstruction and Joint Replacement Division and chief of the Hip Service at Hospital for Special Surgery. "There appears to be unique damage patterns which to date have not been identified. A follow-on analysis using high resolution laser profiling to quantify damage is in process which may yield further clues."
The patterns and similarities of the damage modes will shed light on the mechanisms behind the damage. "The goal with these hard metal-on-metal bearings is to drag a fluid film in between the two metal surfaces so that they never touch, so the wear is theoretically zero," explained Dr. Wright. "The fact that we look at these surfaces and see scratches and wear patches means that these surfaces are touching one another. That is problematic because if you had the clearances just right, they might never touch, just like the cylinder in an engine block."
He pointed out that the study could only be done at a hospital with a large number of archived hips. Spotting patterns and variations is easier if you look across a large patient population.
Researchers will next focus on what is causing the damage patterns. If it is a corrosive problem, is the solution to change the metallurgy? If the location is always the same and the damage is always near the edge of the implant, is that because they are being installed incorrectly? Is there a way to change the design? "What we see in the retrieved implants will begin to give us a picture of what is causing this problem," Dr. Wright said.
The multidisciplinary team of HSS clinicians, biologists, engineers and imaging researchers has further studies planned to understand the problem more fully. The retrieval archive and database will allow researchers to continue to look for correlations between implants that fail and factors such as patient characteristics, the physical shape and quality of the hip replacement, surgical factors, and the biological response from a body that has an implant.
The work for this study was conducted in the recently established Mary and Fred Trump Institute for Implant Analysis.
###
Other investigators involved in the study include Kirsten Stoner, M.S. from HSS; Samantha Lee, B.S., from Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Stefan Kinkel, M.D., from Orthopaedic University Clinic Heidelberg, Germany.
Retrieval Analysis Reveals Damage Modes for Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Replacements (Paper 301)
Wednesday, Feb. 8, 4:00 p.m.4:06 p.m. Moscone West, 2014
About Hospital for Special Surgery
Founded in 1863, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) is a world leader in orthopedics, rheumatology and rehabilitation. HSS is nationally ranked No. 1 in orthopedics, No. 2 in rheumatology, No. 19 in neurology, and No. 16 in geriatrics by U.S.News & World Report (2011-12), and is the first hospital in New York State to receive Magnet Recognition for Excellence in Nursing Service from the American Nurses Credentialing Center three consecutive times. HSS has one of the lowest infection rates in the country. From 2007 to 2011, HSS has been a recipient of the HealthGrades Joint Replacement Excellence Award. HSS is a member of the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System and an affiliate of Weill Cornell Medical College and as such all Hospital for Special Surgery medical staff are faculty of Weill Cornell. The hospital's research division is internationally recognized as a leader in the investigation of musculoskeletal and autoimmune diseases. Hospital for Special Surgery is located in New York City and online at www.hss.edu.
For more information contact:
Phyllis Fisher
212-606-1197
FisherP@hss.edu
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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